Settling disputes is the responsibility of the Dispute Settlement Body (the  General Council in another guise), which consists of all WTO members.  The Dispute Settlement Body has the sole authority to establish “panels”  of experts to consider the case, and to accept or reject the panels’ findings  or the results of an appeal. It monitors the implementation of the rulings  and recommendations, and has the power to authorize retaliation when a  country does not comply with a ruling. 

First stage: consultation (up to 60 days). Before taking any other actions  the countries in dispute have to talk to each other to see if they can settle  their differences by themselves. If that fails, they can also ask the WTO  director-general to mediate or try to help in any other way. 

Second stage: the panel (up to 45 days for a panel to be appointed, plus 6  months for the panel to conclude). If consultations fail, the complaining  country can ask for a panel to be appointed. The country “in the dock” can  block the creation of a panel once, but when the Dispute Settlement Body  meets for a second time, the appointment can no longer be blocked  (unless there is a consensus against appointing the panel). Officially, the  panel is helping the Dispute Settlement Body make rulings or  recommendations. But because the panel’s report can only be rejected by  consensus in the Dispute Settlement Body, its conclusions are difficult to  overturn. The panel’s findings have to be based on the agreements cited.  The panel’s final report should normally be given to the parties to the  dispute within six months. In cases of urgency, including those concerning  perishable goods, the deadline is shortened to three months.  The agreement describes in some detail how the panels are to  work. The main stages are:

  Before the first hearing: each side in the dispute presents its case in  writing to the panel.  First hearing: the case for the complaining country and defence: the  complaining country (or countries), the responding country, and those  that have announced they have an interest in the dispute, make their case  at the panel’s first hearing. 

Rebuttals: the countries involved submit written rebuttals and present  oral arguments at the panel’s second meeting.

 Experts: if one side raises scientific or other technical matters, the panel  may consult experts or appoint an expert review group to prepare an advisory report.

  First draft: the panel submits the descriptive (factual and argument)  sections of its report to the two sides, giving them two weeks to comment.  This report does not include findings and conclusions.

 Interim report: The panel then submits an interim report, including its  findings and conclusions, to the two sides, giving them one week to ask for a review.

 Review: The period of review must not exceed two weeks. During that  time, the panel may hold additional meetings with the two sides. 

Final report: A final report is submitted to the two sides and three weeks  later, it is circulated to all WTO members. If the panel decides that the  disputed trade measure does break a WTO agreement or an obligation, it  recommends that the measure be made to conform with WTO rules. The  panel may suggest how this could be done.  The report becomes a ruling: The report becomes the Dispute  Settlement Body’s ruling or recommendation within 60 days unless a  consensus rejects it. Both sides can appeal the report (and in some cases both sides do)